Portrait of a Man

c. 1660

Object data

oil on panel

height 74.1 cm × width 59.1 cm
depth 5.5 cm

Technical notes

Support The single, vertically grained oak plank is approx. 1.5 cm thick. The reverse is bevelled on all sides and has regularly spaced saw marks. It is coated with a thick layer of wax, as are the sides of the plank. Dendrochronology has shown that the youngest heartwood ring was formed in 1645. The plank could have been ready for use by 1656, but a date in or after 1662 is more likely.
Preparatory layers The single, light brown ground extends over the edges of the support. It consists of earth pigments with an addition of white pigment particles of varying sizes.
Underdrawing No underdrawing could be detected with the naked eye or infrared photography.
Paint layers The paint extends over the edges of the support. The composition was generally built up from dark to light. The painted oval frame was applied wet in wet with different shades of brown. The figure was reserved in the greyish background and laid in with a translucent brown undermodelling. The clothing was executed with grey scumbles over a black base, leaving the collar, tassel and hand in reserve. The former two were underpainted with a warm grey which was left partially uncovered in the lace of the collar, on top of which broader and more delicate white brushstrokes were placed to form the pattern. Finally, the detailing of the buttons was added in black with a very fine brush. The paint layer is mostly smooth with some slight impasto in the lace.
Anna Krekeler, 2011

Scientific examination and reports

X-radiography: RMA, no. 531, 25 October 1951
technical report: W. de Ridder / H. Kat, RMA, 8 September 1997
infrared photography: A. Krekeler, RMA, 17 October 2011
paint samples: A. Krekeler, RMA, nos. SK-A-808/1-2, 17 October 2011
technical report: A. Krekeler, RMA, 17 October 2011
dendrochronology: P. Klein, RMA, 28 December 2011

Condition

Fair. Discoloured retouchings are apparent throughout, particularly in the face. The varnish is extremely thick, has severely yellowed and saturates poorly, especially in the dark areas.

Provenance

For both the present painting (SK-A-808) and its pendant (SK-A-810)
…; by descent to Jonkvrouw E.J.C.G.M. van Lynden (1796-1860), Huis Essensteyn, Voorburg;¹ by whom bequeathed to her second cousin, Jonkheer J.H.F.K. van Swinderen (1837-1902), Balk (Friesland), with 24 other family portraits, 1860; by whom donated to the museum, as Anonymous, Portrait of Johan Anthonisz van Riebeeck and Portrait of Maria de la Quevellerie, with 24 other family portraits, June 1884²

Object number: SK-A-808

Credit line: Gift of Jonkheer J.H.F.K. van Swinderen, Groningen

The artist

Dirck Craey (Amsterdam, before c. 1615 - The Hague 1665/66)

It is thanks to the registration of his betrothal that we know that Dirck Craey was born in Amsterdam, but not when. It has been suggested that he may have been the Teodoro Crayer who joined the Bentvueghel society of Netherlandish artists in Rome in the 1620s. His first certain appearance in the records is on his marriage to Jacomina Munnekes in The Hague on 22 October 1634. He probably remained in that city for the rest of his life, although the baptism of a daughter in Amsterdam on 7 August 1635 suggests that the couple did stay there for a while.³ There is no information on Craey’s training as an artist. By 1635 he is being referred to as a painter living in The Hague, but it was not until 1648 that he joined the local Guild of St Luke.

In 1646 Craey was working for Stadholder Frederik Hendrik, cleaning and restoring the paintings in Honselaarsdijk Palace. That commission resulted in his appointment the following year as curator of the prince’s picture collection. His name is regularly found in the archives between 1647 and 1665 in connection with the conservation of paintings in various residences of the ruling Orange family, as well as with drawing and colouring coats of arms. A contract of 15 April 1653 shows that he, Paulus Dinant, Andries de Haen and Cornelis Moninckx were involved in the decoration of Honselaarsdijk. He was also a messenger for the States of Holland and West Friesland. In 1656 he was one of the founders of the Hague artists’ society Confrerie Pictura, of which he became a warden three years later. On that occasion he donated a head of Democritus (‘an old man’s head laughing at the world’) to the society. Since it was returned to his widow in November 1666, he must have died that year or a little earlier.

In view of Craey’s prominence in The Hague’s artistic circles it is striking that he left such a small oeuvre. There are only two signed portraits, one of 1650 in the Rijksmuseum,⁴ the other of 1651 with a question mark in the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm.⁵ It is perfectly conceivable, though, that there are works of his among the many pictures attributed to unknown followers of Gerard van Honthorst.

Gerdien Wuestman, 2025

References
P. Terwesten, Register off Aanteekeninge zo van de Deekens, Hoofdluijden en Secretarissen der Kunst-Confrerie Kamer van Pictura […], The Hague 1776 (unpub. manuscript in The Hague City Archives; copy in RKD), pp. 20-21; P.A. Leupe, ‘De ordonnantie-boeken van prins Frederik Hendrik over de jaren 1637-1650’, De Nederlandsche Spectator 20 (1875), pp. 92-94, 109-11, 245-47, 255, 318-19, 327, 334-35, 348-51, 379-81, esp. pp. 247, 255, 318-19, 327, 335; A. Bredius, ‘Mededeelingen uit het Haagsche gemeente-archief’, in F.D.O. Obreen, Archief voor Nederlandsche kunstgeschiedenis: Verzameling van meerendeels onuitgegeven berichten en mededeelingen betreffende Nederlandsche schilders, plaatsnijders, beeldhouwers, bouwmeesters, juweliers, goud- en zilverdrijvers [enz.], III, Rotterdam 1880-81, pp. 255-98, esp. p. 260; A. Bredius, ‘De boeken van der Haagsche “Schilders-Confrerye”’, in ibid., IV, 1881-82, pp. 45-221, esp. pp. 60, 76, 133; A. Bredius, ‘Mededeelingen uit het Haagsche gemeente-archief’, in ibid., V, 1882-83, pp. 129-66, esp. p. 156; A. Servaas van Rooijen, ‘Het “Klatboeck” Letter F van het Sint Lucas Gilde te ’s-Gravenhage’, in ibid., V, 1882-83, pp. 95-114, esp. p. 97; A. Bredius, ‘De schildersfamilie Moninckx’, Oud Holland 7 (1889), pp. 266-80, esp. p. 271; Moes in U. Thieme and F. Becker (eds.), Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, VIII, Leipzig 1913, p. 46; D.F. Slothouwer, De paleizen van Frederik Hendrik, Leiden 1945, p. 328; Buijsen in E. Buijsen et al., Haagse schilders in de Gouden Eeuw: Het Hoogsteder Lexicon van alle schilders werkzaam in Den Haag 1600-1700, exh. cat. The Hague (Haags Historisch Museum) 1998-99, p. 296; Römer in Saur Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon: Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker, XXII, Munich/Leipzig 1999, p. 134; Bredius notes, RKD

Entry

Reams have been written about the identity of the man in this portrait and the woman in its pendant (SK-A-810; also fig. a).⁶ They are traditionally thought to be Johan (Jan) Anthonisz van Riebeeck (1619-1677), the famous merchant of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and founder of the settlement near the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, and Maria de la Queillerie (1629-1664), whom he married in 1649. This identification is based on eighteenth-century inscriptions on the backs of these companion pieces,⁷ and appears to be confirmed by the provenance, for the paintings come from the collection of family portraits belonging to Jan van Riebeeck’s descendants.

Several authors have expressed doubts about this old identification, because the man bears no resemblance to a portrait made in the East Indies around 1660 that is supposedly of Jan van Riebeeck.⁸ Van Kretschmar added, among other arguments, that it was unlikely that Van Riebeeck, who lived in Amsterdam, and De la Queillerie, who came from Schiedam, would have hired a minor, unknown Hague artist to depict them. Instead he proposed Bartholomeus Vermuyden (1616/17-1650) and Catharina Kettingh (1626/27-1673), who married in 1646, as alternative candidates for the sitters, on the basis of the provenance and genealogical research.⁹

Both paintings were subjected to dendrochronological examination in 2011, with a surprising result. The portrait of the woman could have been made in 1650, as inscribed on the lower left, but the present one of her husband could not have been executed until the mid-1650s at the earliest. The idea that they are not from the same time is reinforced by the fact that the two panels do not have identical ground layers. The current portrait was probably conceived as a pendant to that of the woman. Its late date means that these paintings do not depict Vermuyden and Kettingh, for he died in 1650.¹⁰ The dating also put paid to the identification as Van Riebeeck and his wife, for they had left the Netherlands in 1651. At present there is not enough evidence to propose other candidates. They may be a couple from the Van Riebeeck family or from the families of the former owners of Essensteyn House, which is where these companion pieces came from. The most logical course is to seek a couple who married in the second half of the 1650s.

The Rijksmuseum pair are attributed to Dirck Craey. It is true that his signature is only on the wife’s likeness, but given the stylistic similarities he was probably indeed responsible for the pendant as well. Very few works of his are known. Another signed picture by Craey has come down to us, a portrait of a woman of presumably 1651 that is now in Stockholm,¹¹ which also has a painted oval frame.¹² While that one is in the elegant courtly style of Gerard van Honthorst, the present companion pieces are typical of the kind of portraits of the middle classes that were being produced in The Hague in the second half of the 1640s by artists such as Pieter Nason.¹³

Because the Rijksmuseum paintings were considered to be of Jan van Riebeeck and his wife, the present one, in particular, was reproduced endlessly. Several late copies of it are documented, among them two by Jan Veth in 1898.¹⁴ In addition, the man’s portrait served as a model for postage stamps, banknotes, coins and even a statue in Cape Town.

Gerdien Wuestman, 2025

See Key to abbreviations, Rijksmuseum painting catalogues and Acknowledgements

Literature

For both the present painting (SK-A-808) and its pendant (SK-A-810)
F.G.L.O. van Kretschmar, ‘To be or not to be: De Van Riebeeck portretten in het Rijksmuseum’, Jaarboek van het Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie 38 (1984), pp. 97-139 (as probably Portrait of Bartholomeus Vermuyden and Portrait of Catharina Kettingh); F.G.L.O. van Kretschmar, ‘Nogmaals de Van Riebeeck portretten in het Rijksmuseum’, Jaarboek van het Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie 39 (1985), pp. 169-80, esp. pp. 178-80 (as probably Portrait of Bartholomeus Vermuyden and Portrait of Catharina Kettingh)

Collection catalogues

For both the present painting (SK-A-808) and its pendant (SK-A-810)
1903, p. 77, nos. 734, 735 (as Portrait of Johan van Riebeeck and Portrait of Maria de la Quevellerie); 1934, p. 76, no. 734 (as Portrait of Johan Anthonisz van Riebeeck); 1960, p. 77, no. 734 (as Portrait of Johan Anthonisz van Riebeeck); 1976, p. 180, nos. A 808, A 810 (as Portrait of Johan van Riebeeck and Portrait of Maria de la Quevellerie); 1992, pp. 48-49, nos. A 808, A 810 (as Portrait of a Man, thought to be Bartholomeus Vermuyden and Portrait of a Woman, thought to be Catharina Kettingh)

Citation

Gerdien Wuestman, 2025, 'attributed to Dirck Craey, Portrait of a Man, c. 1660', in J. Bikker (ed.), Dutch Paintings of the Seventeenth Century in the Rijksmuseum, online coll. cat. Amsterdam: https://data.rijksmuseum.nl/20027729

(accessed 10 December 2025 02:42:43).

Figures

fig. a Attributed to Dirck Craey, *Portrait of a Man* (SK-A-808) and *Portrait of a Woman* (SK-A-810)