Object data
opaque and transparent watercolour, over traces of graphite, on vellum
height 192 mm × width 155 mm
Maria Sibylla Merian (workshop of), after Dorothea Maria Gsell
Metamorphosis of a Small Emperor Moth
after 1679
Condition
Laid down
Provenance
…; from the dealer Bernard Houthakker, fl. 200, to the museum (L. 2228), 1946
Object number: RP-T-1946-73
Copyright: Public domain
Context
Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717) – a woman ahead of her time – was one of the earliest entomologists, who dedicated her life to the study of butterflies, insects and plants. Her publications on the metamorphoses of caterpillars (1679; 1683; 1713-1717) and the insects of Suriname (1705) were celebrated for their accuracy and brought new standards to scientific illustrations. She ran a successful workshop together with her daughters, Johanna Helena Herolt (née Graff; 1668-1723) and Dorothea Maria Gsell (née Graff; 1678-1743), whose roles in her artistic output and the sale of her books, art works and specimens have received increasing scholarly attention in recent years. Considering Merian’s large existing oeuvre, the assistance of Johanna Helena and Dorothea Maria seems evident. They were mainly involved with the preparation of her publications. Dorothea Maria published the third caterpillar book after her mother’s death. Several drawn sheets, likely based on workshop models, were (partially) made by the daughters and sold under Maria Sibylla’s name. In 2008, an attempt is made to differentiate their hands.1
Carolyn Mensing, 2020
The artist
Maria Sibylla Merian (Frankfurt-am-Main 1647 - Amsterdam 1717)
She grew up in a family of artists in Frankfurt.2 Her father, the artist and publisher Matthäus Sibylla Merian (1593-1650), died when she was three years old.3 In 1651, Maria’s mother, Johanna Sibylla (?-1691), remarried flower painter Jacob Marrel (c. 1613/14-1681). Maria Sibylla was trained in his studio. At age thirteen, she devoted most of her time to studying and drawing the metamorphoses of caterpillars.4
In 1665, Maria Sibylla married an apprentice of her stepfather, Johann Andreas Graff (1637-1701). They had two daughters, Johanna Helena Graff (1668-1723) and Dorothea Maria Graff (1678–1743). In 1668, they moved to Nuremberg, where Graff, with the help of Maria Sibylla, set up a successful printing studio. Maria Sibylla continued making art: flower paintings on vellum, silk and linen, and she decorated tablecloths with birds and butterflies.5. She also taught women to draw. In 1675, Maria Sibylla and Johann Graff published a book of flowers, the Blumenbuch. It was meant as a teaching aid or could be used as a pattern-book for drawing and embroidering. The second and third volumes appeared in 1677 and 1680.6
Maria Sibylla also continued to study insects with the intention of publishing her findings in an illustrated book. The first edition of Caterpillars: Their Wondrous Transformation and Peculiar Nourishment from Flowers (Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandelung und sonderbare Blumennahrung), was published in 1679. The second volume followed four years later, in 1683. Foremost scientific publications, they include detailed descriptions and illustrations of the metamorphosis of caterpillars. The depiction of their life cycle, from egg to butterfly on their host plant, was imitated by artists well into the nineteenth century. The caterpillar books were sold in uncoloured, coloured and counterproof editions.7
In 1681, upon the death of Maria Sybilla’s stepfather, Jacob Marrel, the Graff-Merian family returned to Frankfurt. In the following years, their marriage fell apart; Graff moved back to Nuremberg in 1685 and the couple officially divorced in 1691. In 1685, Maria Sybilla moved with her mother, and two daughters to Walta in Friesland, where she joined a Labadist community. There, she studied plants and insects from Suriname, brought by Labadist members who had visited the plantations in Suriname that were owned by community members. After her mother passed away in 1690, Maria Sibylla and her two daughter settled in Amsterdam and set up a workshop. A year later, her eldest daughter, Johanna Helena, married the businessman Jacob Hendrik Herolt (1660-?).
In 1699, Maria Sibylla sold all her belongings and with her youngest daughter, Dorothea Maria, embarked on a ship to Suriname to study native caterpillars, insects and plants in preparation for a publication. They settled in Paramaribo, but made regular trips to plantations of the Labadist community to catch insects. Maria Sibylla became ill, which forced the women to return to Amsterdam merely two years later. They brought with them numerous notes, sketches and dried plants and animals. A native woman came back with them as well and probably assisted with the preparation of the book. The Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium, commonly known as the ‘Suriname Book’, was published in Amsterdam in 1705. It was the first scientific illustrated account on the natural history of Suriname. The publication was funded through subscriptions for (hand-coloured) luxury editions.
By the time Maria Sibylla and her daughter returned to Amsterdam, her work was well known and respected among natural scientists. From their workshop in the Kerkstraat, she and both her daughters continued to work on several editions of the Suriname and caterpillar books, but also sold separate sheets, dried insects and specimens. For her drawings, she preferred opaque and transparent watercolour on vellum. Maria Sibylla engraved her own copper-plates with a line-and-point technique. She also produced counterproofs that were hand-coloured in the workshop.8 Maria Sibylla corresponded with important collectors such as Hans Sloane (1660-1753) and James Petiver (1665-1718), who also bought art and specimens from her. Art collector and horticulturalist Agnes Block (1629-1704) commissioned Maria Sibylla and Johanna Helena to make drawings of the plants in her gardens at her estate ‘Vijverhof’ in Loenen aan de Vecht. One of Block’s ‘Bloemenboeken’ (book of flowers) is in the Rijksmuseum collection (inv. no. RP-T-1948119).
In 1715, Maria Sibylla suffered a stroke that left her partially paralysed and unable to work. She passed away on 13 January 1717. Two weeks before she died, Dorothea Maria sold a large part of her mother’s collection, including her study book, to Robert Areskine (1677-1718), the physician and advisor to the Russian czar Peter the Great (1672-1725). This collection is now in the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. Further, she sold Maria Sibylla’s collection of books, printing plates and other workshop materials to bookseller Johannes Oosterwijk (?-?).9 In 1718, Dorothea moved with her second husband, the artist Georg Gsell (1673-1740), to St Petersburg. Her personal collection, consisting of her mother’s sheets as well as her own, is now in the collection of the Kunstkamera there (the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography).
Carolyn Mensing, 2020
References
A. Houbraken, De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen, 3 vols., Amsterdam 1718-21, III (1718), pp. 220-24; A. von Wurzbach, Niederländisches Künstlerlexikon, 3 vols., Vienna/Leipzig 1906-11, II (1910), p. 158; U. Thieme and F. Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler: Von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, 37 vols., Leipzig 1907-50, XL (1930), p. 413 (entry by W.K. Zülch); F.G. Waller, Biografisch woordenboek van Noord Nederlandsche graveurs, The Hague 1938, p. 221; H. Gerson and B.W. Meijer (eds.), Ausbreitung und Nachwirkung der holländischen Malerei des 17. Jahrhunderts, Amsterdam 1983 (rev. ed.; orig. ed. 1942), p. 202, 263, 272, 556-57 (as M.S. Graff-Merian); E. Bergvelt, De wereld binnen handbereik. Nederlandse kunst- en rariteitenverzamelingen, 1585-1735, exh. cat. Amsterdam (Amsterdams Historisch Museum) 1992, p. 147; A. Beyer et al. (eds.), Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon: Die bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker, Munich 1992-, LXXXIX (2016), p. 145 (entry by L.H. Wuthrich); N. Zemon Davis, Women on the Margins: Three Seventeenth-century Lives, Cambridge 1995, pp. 140-202; I.N. Lebedeva, ‘De nalatenschap van Maria Sibylla Merian in Sint-Petersburg’, in R. Kistemake et al. (eds.), Peter de Grote en Holland. Culturele en wetenschappelijke betrekkingen tussen Rusland en Nederland ten tijde van tsaar Peter de Grote, exh. cat. Amsterdam (Amsterdams Historisch Museum) 1996, pp. 60-66; H. Kaiser, Maria Sibylla Merian: Eine Biographie, Düsseldorf 1997; L. Huet and J. Grieten, Oude meesteressen. Vrouwelijke kunstenaars in de Nederlanden, Leuven 1998, pp. 161-85; E. Kloek et al. (eds.), Vrouwen en kunst in de Republiek. Een overzicht, Hilversum 1998 (Utrechtse historische cahiers, vol. 19), p. 152; K. Wettengl (ed.), Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717). Kunstenares en natuuronderzoekster, exh. cat. Haarlem (Teylers Museum) 1998; E. Reitsma, with S. Ulenberg, Maria Sibilla Merian & Daughters: Women of Art and Science, exh. cat. Amsterdam (Museum Het Rembrandthuis)/Los Angeles (J. Paul Getty Museum) 2008; S. Schrader et al., ‘Naturalism under the Microscope: A Technical Study of Maria Sibylla Merian's Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam’, Getty Research Journal 4 (2012), pp. 161-72; C. Grabowski, Maria Sibylla Merian zwischen Malerei und Naturforschung: Pflanzen- und Schmetterlingsbilder neu entdeckt, Berlin 2017; S.B. Pomeroy and J. Kathirithamby, Maria Sibylla Merian: Artist, Scientist, Adventurer, exh. cat. Los Angeles (J. Paul Getty Museum) 2018
Dorothea Maria Henrietta Gsell (Nuremberg 1678 - St Petersburg, 1743)
She was the youngest daughter of botanical artist and scientist Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717) and artist-publisher Johann Andreas Graff (1637-1701).10 She had one sister, Johanna Helena (1668-1723), who was also an artist. She moved with her mother to Frankfurt, Friesland and Amsterdam. In 1699, she accompanied her to Suriname.
In 1701, she returned to Amsterdam and married the surgeon Philip Hendriks (1671-1711). Their house at the Kerkstraat had a studio from which she and her mother and sister continued to work.11 When Dorothea Maria’s husband died in 1711, she took the surname Merian. In 1715, she remarried the Russian painter Georg Gsell (1673-1740). After her mother’s death in 1717, she published the third edition of the caterpillar book.12
Two weeks before her mother died, Dorothea Maria sold a large part Maria Sibylla’s work, including her study book, to Robert Areskine (1677-1718), the physician and advisor to the Russian czar Peter the Great (1672-1725). This collection is now in the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. Further, she sold her mother’s book collection, printing plates and other workshop materials to bookseller Johannes Oosterwijk (?-?).13 Shortly thereafter, she moved with Gsell to St Petersburg, where they settled with her husband’s five children. Dorothea Maria continued to make art and probably also sold hand-coloured editions of her mother’s books. She was involved with the decorations of the palace of Alexander Kikin (c. 1670-1718) and the Kunstkamera there (now the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography). From 1726 onwards, she taught at the Academy in St Peterburg and was the keeper of the natural history collection. In 1736, she returned to Amsterdam to buy works by her mother for the Academy. She became a famous artist at the Russian court. She died on 6 May 1743. Today, she is seen as one of the major distributors of European art in Russia.14
Carolyn Mensing, 2020
References
U. Thieme and F. Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler: Von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, 37 vols., Leipzig 1907-50, XV (1922), pp. 158-59 (as Gsell, Dor. Maria Henr., in entry on Georg Gsell); H. Gerson and B.W. Meijer (eds.), Ausbreitung und Nachwirkung der holländischen Malerei des 17. Jahrhundertsi, Amsterdam 1983 (rev. ed.; orig. ed. 1942), pp. 202, 359, 519, 556; I.N. Lebedeva, ‘De nalatenschap van Maria Sibylla Merian in Sint-Petersburg’, in R. Kistemaker et al. (eds.), Peter de Grote en Holland. Culturele en wetenschappelijke betrekkingen tussen Rusland en Nederland ten tijde van tsaar Peter de Grote, exh. cat. Amsterdam (Amsterdams Historisch Museum) 1996, pp. 60-66; E. Kloek et al. (eds.), Vrouwen en kunst in de Republiek. Een overzicht, Hilversum 1998 (Utrechtse historische cahiers, vol. 19), p. 152; K. Wettengl (ed.), Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717). Kunstenares en natuuronderzoekster, exh. cat. Haarlem (Teylers Museum) 1998, passim; R. Kistemaker (ed.), The Paper Museum of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg (c. 1725-1760): Introduction and Interpretation, Amsterdam 2005, passim; E. Reitsma, with S. Ulenberg, Maria Sibilla Merian & Daughters: Women of Art and Science, exh. cat. Amsterdam (Museum Het Rembrandthuis)/Los Angeles (J. Paul Getty Museum) 2008; P. Holtrop, Twee eeuwen Nederlanders in Sint-Petersburg. De Hollandse kerk als sociaal en religieus middelmunt, Zutphen 2013, pp. 80-111
Entry
The present sheet is a partial copy of a drawing in the archive of the Academy of Science in St Petersburg (inv. no. P IX, 8, 142). The drawing in Russia is the design for plate 23 of Merian’s first caterpillar book (Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandlung und sonderbare Blumennahrung), published in 1679. It shows the metamorphosis of the small emperor moth (Saturnia pavonia L) and the barred fruit-tree tortrix (Pandemis cerasana) on a branch of a cherry tree. The sheet in the Rijksmuseum might have been based on the same workshop model; however, the metamorphosis of the tortrix is missing and the drawing on the Rijksmuseum sheet is larger.
Overall, the drawing in the Rijksmuseum is less refined and lacks the high level of detail in the individual elements. Further, the shading is less gradual, which makes the three-dimensional quality of the plant, fruit and animals less convincing. It seems likely that the drawing was made for the market and that the sheet was copied in Merian’s workshop by one of her daughters, possibly Dorothea Maria (1678-1743). According to Reitsma, Dorothea Maria used harsher colours and was not as proficient in creating subtle shading as her mother and sister, Johanna Helena (1668-1723).15 If Dorothea Maria is indeed the author, she probably made the drawing after 1701, when she and her mother returned from Suriname and set up a business in the Kerkstraat in Amsterdam.16
Carolyn Mensing, 2020
Literature
K. Wettengl (ed.), Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717). Kunstenares en natuuronderzoekster, exh. cat. Haarlem (Teylers Museum) 1998, no. 44 (as Maria Sybilla Merian); E. Reitsma, with S. Ulenberg, Maria Sibilla Merian & Daughters: Women of Art and Science, exh. cat. Amsterdam (Museum Het Rembrandthuis)/Los Angeles (J. Paul Getty Museum) 2008, p. 122 (fig. 87) (as Dorothea Maria Henrietta Gsell ?)
Citation
C. Mensing, 2020, 'workshop of Maria Sibylla Merian, Metamorphosis of a Small Emperor Moth, after 1679', in J. Turner (ed.), Dutch Drawings of the Seventeenth Century in the Rijksmuseum, online coll. cat. Amsterdam: hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.55730
(accessed 10 November 2024 00:37:50).