Hercules Segers
? Amsterdam, c. 1628 - c. 1629
line etching with tone and highlights created by using crosshatching and stopping-out, etching trials, spots caused by foul biting in etching ground, printed in black on paper, partly covered with black chalk
height c. 217 mm × width c. 277 mm (trimmed within the printed surface)
stamped on verso: lower left, with the mark of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (L. 240)
One state.
Brown spotting at lower and centre right; reinforced small tears at centre left edge and lower right corner; missing lower left corner made up and coloured in.
...; collection Pieter Cornelis, Baron van Leyden (1717-1788), Leiden;1 his daughter, Françoise Johanna Gael-van Leyden (1745-1813), Leiden;2 from whom, en bloc, fl. 100,000, to Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (1778-1846), King of Holland, Amsterdam, for the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (L. 240), The Hague, 1807; transferred to the museum, 1816
Object number: RP-P-OB-849
Credit line: Transferred from the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (The Hague), 1816
Copyright: Public domain
Trees and Woods
Segers’s teacher, the Protestant landscapist Gillis van Coninxloo (1544-1606/07), fled besieged Antwerp in 1585 and stopped in Middelburg before finding his way to Frankenthal, where he played a seminal role in the development of a new artistic genre: the independent monumental forest scene.3 The trees and groves that initially served mainly as repoussoirs for sweeping panoramas became Van Coninxloo’s principal subject. His pictures met with great success, and he even received commissions from Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II (1552-1612). He settled in Amsterdam in 1595 and earnt a reputation as an innovative landscape painter. In his Schilder-boeck (1604), Karel van Mander (1548-1606) praised Van Coninxloo as the best 'landscapist' ('landtschap-maker') of his time. His work was widely followed in Holland, and, with a wink to his speciality, Van Mander noted facetiously that the trees that had fairly withered in Dutch painting were now growing to great heights following his model.4 After the death of his teacher at the end of 1606 or the beginning of 1607, Segers did not develop into an explicit specialist in forest landscapes, although he did practice the genre, albeit on a modest scale and format.
Closely related to works by Van Coninxloo, in terms of both the compositions and the depictions of trees, are three prints of trees and woods by Segers (HB 35-37), as well as the small forest scene on canvas in a private collection in Norway attributed to Segers in 2016 (** P 1**).5 Although they differ in format and execution, the layout of the three etchings agrees: our eye is led from the foreground along a road to a house or farmstead. Two impressions of the smallest etching were printed on cloth prepared with a pale grey and a pale brown priming (HB 35a, inv. no. RP-P-H-OB-852; and HB 35b, British Museum, London, inv. no S.5224). Segers used exactly the same combination for two impressions of the small Landscape with an Oak Tree and a Distant View (HB 28a, inv. no. RP-P-H-OB-850; and HB 28b, inv. no. RP-P-H-OB-851).
An oil sketch with a road and a house encircled by trees (inv. no. RP-T-H-00-251) is also difficult to read. It may have been part of the working material from Segers’s workshop that – like his only other extant oil sketch (inv. no. RP-T-H-00-250) – entered the collection of Michiel Hinloopen (1619-1708). The composition of the oil sketch largely corresponds with an etching (HB 36, Kupferstich-Kabinett, Dresden, inv. no. A 49377), of which only a single impression is preserved. It shows the road, the fence and the house surrounded by trees more or less in reverse, but without the figure that looms up like a phantom on the left in the sketch. In a second phase – and probably later – Segers introduced areas of shadow in drypoint in the road and the fencing on the right in the etching. The unique impression in blue ink on pink-prepared paper belongs to a group of prints Segers pulled in the same color combination, and probably at the same time. A transparent layer of green paint was applied in rapid brushstrokes over the entire landscape. This may be the beginning of an alteration in which the sky would ultimately be colored as well. The print shares its partly finished state with impressions of other etchings on a pink ground.6
Very comparable to the oil sketch and the print mentioned above is the etching Road near a Farm House Surrounded by Trees and a Fence, of which a unique impression is preserved in the British Museum, London (HB 37, inv. no. S.5532). It is printed in black on paper prepared with a thin greyish-yellow ground. In combination with the ground, the fine lines and burr of the drypoint have turned brown. These passages of shadow are not drawn with a pen or brush, as has often been assumed.7 With their round leaves and stereotypical tree trunks, Segers’s previously discussed forest scenes look simple compared to the richly forested landscape prints by his contemporaries, such as Willem Buytewech (1591/92-1624) or Esaias van de Velde (1587-1630). And yet Segers’s sizeable etching, with its expressive and differentiated rendering of tree trunks, branches and leaves, is virtually unparalleled in seventeenth-century printmaking.8
Huigen Leeflang, 2016
Hercules Segers (Haarlem c. 1589/90 - ? 1633/40)
No baptismal record has been found, but he was probably born in Haarlem in c. 1589/90.9 The artist mentioned his age twice: once in 1614 stating he was a twenty-four-year-old man from Haarlem and once in 1623 were he mentions he is about thirty-four years old.10 His parents, Pieter Segers (c. 1564-1611/12) and Cathelijne Hercules (d. after 1618), both came from Ghent. Hercules was most likely their second son, since he was named after the patronymic of his mother. Whether he had more siblings than his younger brother, Laurens (c. 1592/93-after 1616), is not known.11
Hercules’ father was a merchant in Haarlem and Amsterdam, but chose for his son another profession.12 The denomination of the family is unknown, but mostly likely they were not Mennonites, as often claimed in the literature. Hercules became an apprentice of the painter Gillis van Coninxloo (1544-1606/07), a landscape artist from Antwerp, who had a workshop at his house on the Oude Turfmarkt.13 Following Van Coninxloo’s death, Segers undoubtedly finished his training in another workshop. However, no documents have survived to confirm this.14
In 1612 Segers left Amsterdam and settled in Haarlem. His name appears in the registration of the Guild of St. Luke of 1612.15 In the summer of 1614 Segers was again documented as living in Amsterdam, together with his extramarital daughter, Nelletje Hercules (?-?). At the age of twenty-four, he married the forty-year-old Anna van der Bruggen (c. 1574-?).16 Apparently, he was doing well financially, able in 1619 to purchase a large new house on the Lindengracht in Amsterdam called De Hertog van Gelre.17 In his etching View through the Window of Segers’s House toward the Noorderkerk (HB 41, inv. no RP-P-H-OB-857), he captured the view from a window in the attic of that house. A decade later, his fortunes changed and he had to sell his house and dismantle his workshop. He moved to Utrecht in 1631.18 Segers seems to have been active as an art dealer. In May 1631 he sold around 137 paintings to the Amsterdam dealer Jean Antonio Romiti (?-?), including a painting by the young Rembrandt (1606-1669).19 In 1632 he was living in The Hague and was involved in the sale of about 180 paintings. The only other evidence of his stay there are two documents of 1633, one concerning the art deal and the other regarding the rental of a house.20 His name does not appear again in the archives, not even in burial records. He probably died between 1633 and 1640.21
Segers addressed himself multiple times as painter, such as on 28 January 1633 when he was mentioned as ‘painter, at present living in The Hague’ (‘schilder, jegenwoordigh wonende alhier in Den Hage’).22 However, it is his highly original printed oeuvre to which the artist owes his present day fame. Although he specialized in mountain landscapes, it is doubtful if he ever saw a mountain in real life. His depictions of ancient Italian ruins all derive from prints by other artists, and it is unlikely he travelled to Italy himself.
One painting by Segers suggests that he travelled to the Southern Netherlands. His topographical View of Brussels from the Northeast in the Wallraf-Richartz-Museum in Cologne (P 16, inv. no. WRM Dep. 249) is in all probability a reflection of a visit to that city.23 His landscapes and city views depicting places in the provinces of Holland, Utrecht and Gelderland are also most likely based on personal observations and drawings ‘from life’.
Samuel van Hoogstraten (1627-1678) was the only contemporary to write about Segers. In his Inleyding tot de hooge schoole der schilderkunst (Introduction to the Academy of Painting) of 1678, he described an artist who had great talent but did not receive much recognition during his life. Shortly after his death, however, his prints were most sought after by art lovers who were willing to pay enormous prices for impressions of his prints.24 However this may be, there are indications that Segers’s work was appreciated during his lifetime and well into the seventeenth century by a small group of art lovers and artists.25
The paintings that can be attributed to Segers with certainty are a Woodland Path in a private collection in Norway, four mountain landscapes (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam; Mauritshuis, The Hague; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam; Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence), five Dutch panoramic landscapes (two in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin; National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh; LWL-Museum für Kunst und Kultur, Münster, on loan from a private collection; private collection in the Netherlands), four hybrid landscapes (private collection in Brussels; Galerie Hans, Hamburg; Museo Thyssen Bornemisza, Madrid; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam) and a View of Brussels (Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne). His etchings are extremely rare. In total fifty-three different etchings have survived in 182 impressions – twenty-two of which are unique. Twenty-four of the known etchings depict mountain landscapes, two Biblical scenes, eight panoramic landscapes, six forest-landscapes and trees, eleven ruins and other buildings, four seascapes and ships, and three extraordinary prints show a rearing horse, a skull and a still life with books.
The chronology of Segers’s oeuvre is hard to determine because none of his works is dated. His development as an artist between 1615 and 1630 has traditionally been described as that of a specialist in mountain landscapes based on the tradition set by Pieter Bruegel (1526/30-1569) and his successors towards a pioneer in Dutch panoramic landscapes. Dendrochronological research on the panels he used, however, suggests that Segers made different types of work throughout his career. He created a new kind of panoramic views with a lowered horizon and impressive skies that anticipated the works of the younger generation of specialists in Dutch landscapes, such as Pieter de Molijn (1595-1661) and Jan van Goyen (1596-1656). Simultaneously he created, both in painting and etching, fantastic mountain views and mountain landscapes.
Segers’s graphic experiments with tone and colour are closely related to his work as a painter. The materials he used for his prints, such as pigments, priming and linen, are what one expects to find in a seventeenth-century painter’s workshop rather than in that of a printmaker. Segers’s etchings bear witness to an exceptionally inventive use of printmaking techniques. No printmaker before him had experimented on such a grand scale with the possibilities of copper-plates, etching grounds, etching needles and other graphic tools or with printing and touching-up in colour.
Jaap van der Veen, 2016/Huigen Leeflang, 2020
References
A. Bredius, ‘Iets over Hercules Segers’, in F.D.O. Obreen, Archief voor Nederlandsche kunstgeschiedenis. Verzameling van meerendeels onuitgegeven berichten en mededeelingen betreffende Nederlandsche schilders, plaatsnijders, beeldhouwers, bouwmeesters, juweliers, goud- en zilverdrijvers…, 7 vols., Rotterdam, 1877-90, IV (1882), pp. 314-15; I.H. van Eeghen, ’De ouders van Hercules Segers’, Maandblad Amstelodamum 55 (1968), no. 4, pp. 73-76; J.Z. Kannegieter, ‘Het huis van Hercules Segers op de Lindengracht te Amsterdam’, Oud Holland 59 (1942), nos. 5/6, pp. 150-57; H. Miedema, De archiefbescheiden van het St. Lukasgilde te Haarlem, 2 vols., Alphen aan den Rijn 1980, II, p. 1035; J. van der Veen, ‘”Hercules Segers, disregarded and yet a great artist”: A Sketch of his Life’, in H. Leeflang and P. Roeloefs (eds.), Hercules Segers: Painter, Etcher, 2 vols., exh. cat. Amsterdam (Rijksmuseum)/New York (Metropolitan Museum of Art) 2016-17, I, pp. 17-36; H. Leeflang, ‘”For he also printed paintings”: Hercules Segers’s Painterly Prints’, in ibid., pp. 39-73; P. Roeloefs, ‘Hercules Segers, the Painter’, in ibid, pp. 111-38
Segers’s rendering of oaks seems to rely on closely observed trees and perhaps on drawn studies.26 A high level of realism is especially striking in the depiction of the imposing oak in the present work, The Large Tree. The leaves, the bark of the trunk and the branches are rendered with the technique Segers also used in a few mountain landscapes, in his prints with ruins and in Tobias and the Angel (HB 1, inv. no. RP-P-OB-796). The etched line with foul biting, the etching trial on the left, and the remains of crosshatching in the corners on the left and top right have been covered with black chalk.
Except for a small section of the sky, Segers covered the entire plate with a dense pattern of crosshatching, clearly visible around the crown of the tree. With stopping-out varnish, he covered part of the sky and anything else he wanted to reserve in the leaf canopy, the branches, the blades of grass, the buildings and the landscape in the background, including the thin, pale streak above the horizon. Printed in black on white paper, this created subtle gradations of black, grey and light tones and a phenomenal rendering of the foliage. This technique and motifs – such as the round building at centre right, also found in other works by Segers, and the tiny bed in which the large tree is planted – ensure that the print makes a more constructed impression than the freely drawn and etched forest landscape in the Road near a Farm House Surrounded by Trees and a Fence (HB 37, British Museum, London, inv. no. S.5532).
Huigen Leeflang, 2016
J.G.A. Frenzel, ‘Herkules Zegers, Zeitgenosse Paul Potter’s: Maler und Kupferstecher und Erfinder der Kunst, durch Kupferabdrücke mit mehreren Farben Gemälde nachzuahmen', Kunst-Blatt. [Beilage zu] Morgenblatt für gebildete Stände (Stuttgart) 23 [Morgenblatt 10], 1829, no. 1; G.K. Nagler, Neues allgemeines Künstler-Lexicon oder Nachrichten von dem Leben und den Werken der Maler, Bildhauer, Kupferstecher, Formschneider, Lithographen, 22 vols., Munich 1832-52, XXII (1852), no. 1; C. Le Blanc, Manuel de l’amateur d'estampes, contenant un dictionnaire des graveurs de toutes les nations: Ouvrage destiné à faire suite au Manuel du libraire par J.-Ch. Brunet, 4 vols., Paris 1854-90, IV (1889) no. 1; J.P. van der Kellen, Afbeeldingen naar belangrijke prenten en teekeningen in het Rijksprentenkabinet Amsterdam/Reproductions d’après des estampes et des dessins importants du Cabinet des estampes à Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1908, pl. X; J. Springer, Die Radierungen des Herkules Seghers, 3 vols., Berlin 1910-12, no. 39a (Der Grosse Baum); W. Fraenger, Die Radierungen des Hercules Seghers: Ein physiognomischer Versuch, Erlenbach-Zurich and elsewhere 1922, pp. 48-53, 57; G. Knuttel Wzn., Hercules Seghers, Amsterdam [1941], pp. 6-7, 12, 30-32; L.C. Collins, Hercules Seghers, Chicago 1953, pp. 12, 15, 23-24, 36, 43, 99; J.G. van Gelder, ’Hercules Seghers: Addenda', Oud Holland 68 (1953), p. 155 (fig. 7); E. Trautscholdt, ’Neues Bemühen um Hercules Seghers', Imprimatur 12 (1954-55), p. 82; W. van Leusden, Het grafisch-technisch probleem van de etsen van Hercules Seghers, Utrecht 1960, pp. 11, 23-24; E. Haverkamp-Begemann, Hercules Segers: The Complete Etchings, with a Supplement on Johannes Ruischer by E. Trautscholdt, Amsterdam and The Hague 1973, no. 34a and pp. 36, 44 (incl. n. 83), 45 (n. 84), 54; J. Rowlands, Hercules Segers, Amsterdam 1979, no. 65; I.M. de Groot, Landschappen. Etsen van de Nederlandse meesters uit de zeventiende eeuw, Amsterdam 1979, no. 43; F.W.H. Hollstein, Dutch & Flemish Etchings, Engravings and Woodcuts, ca. 1450-1700, 72 vols., Amsterdam and elsewhere 1949-2010, XXVI (1981; Hercules Segers), no. 34a; J. van der Waals, De prentschat van Michiel Hinloopen. Een reconstructie van de eerste openbare papierkunstverzameling in Nederland, The Hague and Amsterdam 1988, p. 139 (incl. n. 40); H. Leeflang and P. Roelofs (eds.), Hercules Segers: Painter, Etcher, 2 vols., exh. cat. Amsterdam (Rijksmuseum)/New York (Metropolitan Museum of Art) 2016-17, I, no. HB 34a